What kind of building materials did Cavendish use in determining the density of the earth?
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Cavendish, in the Philosophical Transactions states: "I resolved to place the apparatus in a room which should remain constantly shut .. Fig. 1 is a longtitudinal vertical section through the instrument, and the building in which it is placed". Given the size of Cavendish House (see links below) there is nothing to suggest that he did not simply use a room in his house. This was pretty common at the time, laboratories were simply converted rooms in the owner's house. The science museum model that you link to is probably fairly accurate, they are after all one of the world's foremost museums!
BTW, cement of one form or another had been in use for about 2,000 years before Cavendish's time! Cavendish house was probably built of stone or else brick and rendered. The house was originally built by Thomas Cubitt as his residence. The house was demolished in 1905 so only the photographs below remain.
Cavendish himself was insanely rich. Both his grandfathers were dukes, those of Devonshire (paternal) and Kent (maternal). The Cavendishs traced the family back to Norman times (ie post 1066).
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