How was the Baalbek Trilithon dated?
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According to Daniel Lohman's work, the three stones are dated based on their arrangement in a "fashionable Roman manner".
Lohman shows that the lower levels are an older temple (e.g. they have stairs that now go nowhere), with the famous giant stones placed on top. He then cites Hoffman, and refers to the "fashionable Roman manner". I have not read the Hoffman article, but presumably this refers to the many examples of Romans building on top of earlier temples. For example, Herod built a new gigantic foundation for his Jerusalem temple, but built it on the site of the older temple.
Given that we have many examples of the Romans doing this, and the foundations have a Roman temple, and there are no other obvious candidates, it is therefore most likely that the large stones are Roman.
Sources:
Lohmann, Daniel (2010), "Giant Strides towards Monumentality: The architecture of the Jupiter Sanctuary in Baalbek/Heliopolis", Bolletino di Archaologia [Bulletin of Archaeology], vol. Special Volume, pp. 29–30
Lohman quotes HOFFMANN A., 1998. Terrace and Temple: Remarks on the Architectural History of the Temple of Jupiter in Baalbek. In H. SADER, T. SCHEFFLER and A. NEUWIRTH (eds), Baalbek: Image and Monument, 279–304. Stuttgart.
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