Why does Brazil have many more Italian descendants than the U.S. or Argentina when the latter two received more Italian immigrants?

I have a new theory and maybe people reading this can give me more input about the situation of Italians in the US.

I think Brazil and Argentina, especially Brazil due to its vast amounts of land, has given Italians more space for developing their communities. Nowadays a lot Italian Brazilians own a lot of land. My guess is that the Italians that went to the US ended up working in industries and afterwards staying in cities and never really owning farms. The fact that Italians going to Brazil went to work on coffee plantations mainly, also means the group stayed together and isolated in farms, which means Italians in Brazil preserved cultural - even their language - and genetic heritage longer than in other places. This also would explain why Argentina too has more Italians descendants than the US, while the US received many more Italians than Brazil and Argentina combined.

Mainland Brazil was probably much less occupied than the US when the immigration of the beginning of the last century occurred. This would explain why Italians ended up owning land and also other groups such as Germans, which also were able to preserve their language.

Obviously maybe the way of considering who is a descendant has a huge impact on the numbers. Anyways, for me to confirm the above mentioned theory, I need to be sure the Italian Americans indeed ended up never owning much land and staying in cities and therefore having had much less resources to multiply their communities.

Basically, Brazilian Italians intermarried more. For two reasons.

The first is social status. In the United States (of the late 19th and early 20th centuries), Italians were in the middle to bottom of "white" people. With the key exception of the Irish, they didn't intermarry much with northern Europeans (the majority of the U.S. population). In Brazil, Italians were as high socially as any ethnic group, and could intermarry with any group they chose to. In Argentina, their status vis-a-vis the Spanish was intermediate between their status compared to Portuguese Brazilians and northern European Americans.

The second (and ironic) reason is the fewer Italians (initially) emigrated to Brazil than to either the U.S. or Argentina, both in absolute numbers, and relative to the local population. If a group falls below a "critical mass" in numbers, it will more likely intermarry, than marry within its own group.

For instance, a referendum showed that there were twice as many Italian citizens living in Argentina than in Brazil. even though Brazil now has more people of (partial) Italian descent. That suggests a greater "purity" of the Italian heritage and lower rate of intermarriage in the former.

São Paulo has a very strong Italian influence. From the cuisine to the architecture. Italian-Brazilian people are very proud of their heritage and really did not mix with other ethnic groups other than Europeans like Portuguese, Spanish or German.

The Italians who arrived early in Brazil's history managed to uplift themselves from poverty by their second generation through hard work. Many of them began to own land and businesses, thereby becoming a very strong ethnic group in Brazilian society. As in America and in other parts of the world outside of Italy, wherever they have gone to restart a new life many have been successful contributing to society. Brazil is no different.

I have met many there in Brasil who consider São Paulo their home and visit Italy from time to time as they have dual citizenship.

Simply put, the number of 27 million "Italian Brazilians" (as Wikipedia mistakenly call those people) is a fantasy. There is no census information or reasonable calculation that reports such figure. Italian Embassy and consulates in Brazil do not research this issue, and the Brazilian census does not ask for "ancestry".

The only reliable research that I am acquainted with is a PME (Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego - Monthly Jobs Research - of July 1998, by the IBGE), and while it has its own problems (it was conducted in six metropolitan areas, not in the whole of the country), it clearly shows that the population of Italian descent in Brazil must be much lower than this fantastic figure.

The PME found about 10% of the population would have Italian ancestors (which is quite certainly very different of being "Italian Brazilian'), which, in 1998, would have meant some 18 million people - or about 21 million nowadays. But even such figure is certainly exaggerated, as the PME included two metropolitan areas, São Paulo and Porto Alegre, the former being the most populous metropolitan area in Brazil, which have certainly a much higher share of descendants of Italians than the rest of Brazil.

The figures of the July 1998 PME can be found in Simon Schwartzman"s Fora de foco: diversidade e identidades étnicas no Brasil and José Petrucelli's A COR DENOMINADA, both unfortunately in Portuguese.

Other than field research, there is an interesting paper by Judicael Clavelário, A participação da imigração na formação da população brasileira, that estimates the whole population of immigrant origin (including not only those of Italian, but also of Portuguese, Spanish, Japanese, Eastern European, Middle-Eastern, origin) to be between 12% and 24% of the Brazilian population (or between 24 and 48 million people as of today). Since Italians made up for about 1/3 of immigration to Brazil, this points to about 8-16 millions of Brazilians of Italian total or partial ancestry - far from 27 million).

I am Brazilian of Italian descent (my father is the grandson of immigrants) and judging solely by looking at my father's family: he has 9 siblings, his father has 8 siblings and his mother 10 siblings.

Doing some research, and by the Brazilian history that is widely known here, Italians came to Brazil at the end of the 19th century to work in coffee plantations, mainly because in 1888 slavery was abolished in Brazil through the Lei Áurea, signed by Princess Isabel, daughter of Emperor Pedro II, after pressure from England. Thus, the coffee barons of the time had to find another way of staffing the gigantic coffee plantations that were common mainly in the state of São Paulo and northern Paraná.

Italians started to move to Brazil after propaganda promising land and other assorted riches reached Europe (as happened with other countries at the time) and, as they arrived, started working at said coffee plantations. The majority of immigrants were not pleased with the treatment they received here, which could be linked to a modern type of slavery — workers who live at the working site, earn remuneration in the form of rations and quarters to live in, every consumable (medicine, batteries, etc) results in a debt to the employer — so they started to work for themselves and, as Yuri Borges stated, Brazil had vast and unoccupied swathes of land, and they migrated to the center-west and the southernmost part of Brazil.

And, as my grandfather used to say when asked why he had so many children:

We didn't exactly have machines at the time, and didn't had TVs either, so, you know, that stuff happens and actually, was a win-win for the time.

So, workforce is the main reason why Italians had so many descendants in Brazil, based on the widely known history (for us) and my personal experience.

Pure speculation:

1) Possibly Italians immigrants in Argentina and the US tended to mostly marry other persons of Italian descent. So most second generation Italian immigrants would combine descent from two different Italian immigrants, most third generation would combine descent from four Italian immigrants, and so on.

possibly Italian immigrants to Brazil tended to marry Brazilians of other ethic origins. Thus second generation would be half Italian, third generation a quarter Italian. So Brazilians of Italian ancestry would be less Italian than Argentinians or Americans of Italian ancestry, but there would be more of them because different Italian families would not be combined into a single family by Italian-Italian marriages.

2) Possibly Brazilians of Italian ancestry have more children on the average than Argentinians or Americans of Italian ancestry.

If Argentinian or American families of Italian ancestry have an average of three children per generation, in two generations there will be nine grandchildren, in three generations twenty seven descendants, in four generations eighty one descendants.

If Brazilians of Italian ancestry have four children per generation, in two generations there will be sixteen grandchildren, in three generations sixty four descendants, in four generations 256 descendants or 3.16 times as many as if they had three children per generation.

3) Possibly Brazilians are more likely to be considered Italian with small amounts of Italian ancestry.

Maybe Argentinians and Americans have to have at least fifty percent Italian ancestry to be considered to have Italian descent, but Brazilians can be considered to have Italian ancestry if they have twenty five percent or even twelve point five percent Italian ancestry.

So here are three possible reasons for the difference between numbers of Italian immigrants vs present numbers of persons of Italian ancestry.

PS other possible factors are the relative times of the greatest Italian immigration to the different countries and the average age per generation of persons of Italian descent in different countries.

I hope they are of some help to you.